The Ballpoint Pen That Wrote the Modern World

• Ballpoints fused thixotropic ink with micromachined balls to make writing portable, cheap, and clean. ✍️
• Patented in 1888, commercialized by László Bíró in the 1930s–40s, mass‑marketed by Bic post‑1950.
• Shaped schooling, bureaucracy, aviation, advertising, and disposable culture; now evolving via gel/rollerball hybrids, erasables, and recycled/refill models.
• Future: solid inks, smart stylus+pen hybrids, closed‑loop refills, and biodegradable bodies.