Martian Canals and the Science of Wishful Seeing

Seen from a distance, the system appears natural. Up close, it is full of negotiations. This article examines martian canals and the science of wishful seeing through materials, standards, habits,…

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The Miasma Theory of Disease and Urban Reform

When a design becomes normal, it becomes hard to see. The challenge of interpretation begins exactly there. The Miasma Theory of Disease and Urban Reform is a good example because…

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Spontaneous Generation After the Microscope

Seen from a distance, the system appears natural. Up close, it is full of negotiations. This article examines spontaneous generation after the microscope through materials, standards, habits, and incentives rather…

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Humoral Theory as an Interface, Not a Truth

Most people never stop to ask why an object or system looks the way it does. That silence is part of the story. Humoral Theory as an Interface, Not a…

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Miasma Theory and the Geography of Disease

Most people use this object or idea without pausing long enough to ask why it settled into its current shape. This article examines miasma theory and the geography of disease…

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Spontaneous Generation After the Microscope

Most people never stop to ask why an object or system looks the way it does. That silence is part of the story. Spontaneous Generation After the Microscope is a…

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Caloric Theory and the Misreading of Heat

The easiest mistake is to treat this story as obvious in hindsight. This article examines caloric theory and the misreading of heat through materials, standards, habits, and incentives rather than…

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Caloric Theory and the Long Road to Thermodynamics

A useful design rarely announces itself. It becomes background, and background is where good engineering hides. Caloric Theory and the Long Road to Thermodynamics is a good example because it…

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Luminiferous Aether and the Search for a Cosmic Medium

The easiest mistake is to treat this story as obvious in hindsight. This article examines luminiferous aether and the search for a cosmic medium through materials, standards, habits, and incentives…

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The Luminiferous Aether and the Cost of Invisible Assumptions

When a design becomes normal, it becomes hard to see. The challenge of interpretation begins exactly there. The Luminiferous Aether and the Cost of Invisible Assumptions is a good example…

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